How long does it take to compute the eigenvalues of a random symmetric matrix?

We present the results of an empirical study of the performance of the QR algorithm (with and without shifts) and the Toda algorithm on random symmetric matrices. The random matrices are chosen from six ensembles, four of which lie in the Wigner class. For all three algorithms, we observe a form of universality for the deflation time statistics for random matrices within the Wigner class. For these ensembles, the empirical distribution of a normalized deflation time is found to collapse onto a curve that depends only on the algorithm, but not on the matrix size or deflation tolerance provided the matrix size is large enough (see Figure 4, Figure 7 and Figure 10). For the QR algorithm with the Wilkinson shift, the observed universality is even stronger and includes certain non-Wigner ensembles. Our experiments also provide a quantitative statistical picture of the accelerated convergence with shifts.Comment: 20 Figures; Revision includes a treatment of the QR algorithm with shift

The transformation of earth-system observations into information of socio-economic value in GEOSS

The Group on Earth Observations System of Systems, GEOSS, is a co-ordinated initiative by many nations to address the needs for earth-system information expressed by the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development. We discuss the role of earth-system modelling and data assimilation in transforming earth-system observations into the predictive and status-assessment products required by GEOSS, across many areas of socio-economic interest. First we review recent gains in the predictive skill of operational global earth-system models, on time-scales of days to several seasons. We then discuss recent work to develop from the global predictions a diverse set of end-user applications which can meet GEOSS requirements for information of socio-economic benefit; examples include forecasts of coastal storm surges, floods in large river basins, seasonal crop yield forecasts and seasonal lead-time alerts for malaria epidemics. We note ongoing efforts to extend operational earth-system modelling and assimilation capabilities to atmospheric composition, in support of improved services for air-quality forecasts and for treaty assessment. We next sketch likely GEOSS observational requirements in the coming decades. In concluding, we reflect on the cost of earth observations relative to the modest cost of transforming the observations into information of socio-economic value

Mapping the effects of ozone pollution and mixing on floral odour plumes and their impact on plant-pollinator interactions

The critical ecological process of animal-mediated pollination is commonly facilitated by odour cues. These odours consist of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), often with short chemical lifetimes, which form the strong concentration gradients necessary for pollinating insects to locate a flower. Atmospheric oxidants, including ozone pollution, may react with and chemically alter these VOCs, impairing the ability of pollinators to locate a flower, and therefore the pollen and nectar on which they feed. However, there is limited mechanistic empirical evidence to explain these processes within an odour plume at temporal and spatial scales relevant to insect navigation and olfaction. We investigated the impact of ozone pollution and turbulent mixing on the fate of four model floral VOCs within odour plumes using a series of controlled experiments in a large wind tunnel. Average rates of chemical degradation of α-terpinene, β-caryophyllene and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one were slightly faster than predicted by literature rate constants, but mostly within uncertainty bounds. Mixing reduced reaction rates by 8–10% in the first 2 m following release. Reaction rates also varied across the plumes, being fastest at plume edges where VOCs and ozone mixed most efficiently and slowest at plume centres. Honeybees were trained to learn a four VOC blend equivalent to the plume released at the wind tunnel source. When subsequently presented with an odour blend representative of that observed 6 m from the source at the centre of the plume, 52% of honeybees recognised the odour, decreasing to 38% at 12 m. When presented with the more degraded blend from the plume edge, recognition decreased to 32% and 10% at 6 and 12 m respectively. Our findings highlight a mechanism by which anthropogenic pollutants can disrupt the VOC cues used in plant-pollinator interactions, which likely impacts on other critical odour-mediated behaviours such as mate attraction

Measurement of gas-phase OH radical oxidation and film thickness of organic films at the air–water interface using material extracted from urban, remote and wood smoke aerosol

The presence of an organic film on a cloud droplet or aqueous aerosol particle has the potential to alter the chemical, optical and physical properties of the droplet or particle. In the study presented, water insoluble organic materials extracted from urban, remote (Antarctica) and wood burning atmospheric aerosol were found to have stable, compressible, films at the air–water interface that were typically ∼6–18 Å thick. These films are reactive towards gas-phase OH radicals and decay exponentially, with bimolecular rate constants for reaction with gas-phase OH radicals of typically 0.08–1.5 × 10−10 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. These bimolecular rate constants equate to initial OH radical uptake coefficients estimated to be ∼0.6–1 except woodsmoke (∼0.05). The film thickness and the neutron scattering length density of the extracted atmosphere aerosol material (from urban, remote and wood burning) were measured by neutron reflection as they were exposed to OH radicals. For the first time neutron reflection has been demonstrated as an excellent technique for studying the thin films formed at air–water interfaces from materials extracted from atmospheric aerosol samples. Additionally, the kinetics of gas-phase OH radicals with a proxy compound, the lipid 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) was studied displaying significantly different behaviour, thus demonstrating it is not a good proxy for atmospheric materials that may form films at the air–water interface. The atmospheric lifetimes, with respect to OH radical oxidation, of the insoluble organic materials extracted from atmospheric aerosol at the air–water interface were a few hours. Relative to a possible physical atmospheric lifetime of 4 days, the oxidation of these films is important and needs inclusion in atmospheric models. The optical properties of these films were previously reported [Shepherd et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2018, 18, 5235–5252] and there is a significant change in top of the atmosphere albedo for these thin films on core–shell atmospheric aerosol using the film thickness data and confirmation of stable film formation at the air–water interface presented here

Interaction between plant species and substrate type in the removal of CO2 indoors

Elevated indoor concentrations of carbon dioxide [CO2] cause health issues, increase workplace absenteeism and reduce cognitive performance. Plants can be part of the solution, reducing indoor [CO2] and acting as a low-cost supplement to building ventilation systems. Our earlier work on a selection of structurally and functionally different indoor plants identified a range of leaf-level CO2 removal rates, when plants were grown in one type of substrate. The work presented here brings the research much closer to real indoor environments by investigating CO2 removal at a whole-plant level and in different substrates. Specifically, we measured how the change of growing substrate affects plants’ capacity to reduce CO2 concentrations. Spathiphyllum wallisii 'Verdi', Dracaena fragrans 'Golden Coast' and Hedera helix, representing a range of leaf types and sizes and potted in two different substrates, were tested. Potted plants were studied in a 0.15 m3 chamber under ‘very high’ (22000 lux), ‘low’ (~ 500 lux) and ‘no’ light (0 lux) in ‘wet’ (> 30 %) and ‘dry’ (< 20 %) substrate. At ‘no’ and ‘low’ indoor light, houseplants increased the CO2 concentration in both substrates; respiration rates, however, were deemed negligible in terms of the contribution to a room-level concentration, as they added ~ 0.6% of a human’s contribution. In ‘very high’ light D. fragrans, in substrate 2, showed potential to reduce [CO2] to a near-ambient (600 ppm) concentration in a shorter timeframe (12 hrs, e.g. overnight) and S. wallisii over a longer period (36 hrs, e.g. weekend)

Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope Campaign

Abstract: In 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration succeeded in capturing the first direct image of the center of the M87 galaxy. The asymmetric ring morphology and size are consistent with theoretical expectations for a weakly accreting supermassive black hole of mass ∼6.5 × 109 M ⊙. The EHTC also partnered with several international facilities in space and on the ground, to arrange an extensive, quasi-simultaneous multi-wavelength campaign. This Letter presents the results and analysis of this campaign, as well as the multi-wavelength data as a legacy data repository. We captured M87 in a historically low state, and the core flux dominates over HST-1 at high energies, making it possible to combine core flux constraints with the more spatially precise very long baseline interferometry data. We present the most complete simultaneous multi-wavelength spectrum of the active nucleus to date, and discuss the complexity and caveats of combining data from different spatial scales into one broadband spectrum. We apply two heuristic, isotropic leptonic single-zone models to provide insight into the basic source properties, but conclude that a structured jet is necessary to explain M87’s spectrum. We can exclude that the simultaneous γ-ray emission is produced via inverse Compton emission in the same region producing the EHT mm-band emission, and further conclude that the γ-rays can only be produced in the inner jets (inward of HST-1) if there are strongly particle-dominated regions. Direct synchrotron emission from accelerated protons and secondaries cannot yet be excluded

Ozone mitigates the adverse effects of diesel exhaust pollutants on ground-active invertebrates in wheat

There is growing evidence to demonstrate that air pollution is affecting invertebrates both directly (e.g. causing physiological stress responses) and indirectly (e.g. via changes in host plant chemistry and/or by disruption of communication by volatile odours). Many of the studies to-date have focused upon winged insects and disruption of in-flight foraging. Therefore, in this study we investigated how the community composition of predominantly ground-dwelling invertebrates in fields of winter wheat are affected by two of the most ubiquitous lower tropospheric air pollutants, diesel exhaust emissions (including nitrogen oxides – NOx) and ozone (O3), both individually and in combination, over two years. Pitfall traps, located within the rings of a Free-Air Diesel and Ozone Enrichment (FADOE) facility, were used to sample invertebrates. The facility consisted of eight 8 m-diameter rings, which allowed elevation of the pollutants above ambient levels (ca 49-60 ppb NOx and 35-39 ppb O3) but within levels currently defined as safe for the environment by the Environmental Protection Agency. The invertebrates collected were taxonomically identified and characterised by diet specialisation, mobility and functional group. Taxonomic richness and Shannon’s diversity index were calculated. Even under the relatively low levels of air pollution produced, there were adverse impacts on invertebrate community composition, with greater declines in the abundance and taxonomic richness of invertebrates in the diesel exhaust treatment compared with O3 treatment. In the combined treatment, pollutant levels were lower, most likely because NOx and O3 react with one another, and consequently a lesser negative effect was observed on invertebrate abundance and taxonomic richness. Specialist-feeding and winged invertebrate species appeared to be more sensitive to the impacts of the pollutants, responding more negatively to air pollution treatments than generalist feeders and wingless species, respectively. Therefore, these results suggest a more severe pollution-mediated decline in specialist- compared with generalist-feeding invertebrates, and in more mobile (winged) individuals. Understanding how invertebrate communities respond to air pollutants alone and in combination will facilitate predictions of how terrestrial environments respond to changes in anthropogenic emissions, especially as we shift away from fossil fuel dependence and therefore manipulate the interactions between these two common pollutants

Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope Campaign

746sireservedIn 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration succeeded in capturing the first direct image of the center of the M87 galaxy. The asymmetric ring morphology and size are consistent with theoretical expectations for a weakly accreting supermassive black hole of mass ~6.5 × 109M⊙. The EHTC also partnered with several international facilities in space and on the ground, to arrange an extensive, quasi-simultaneous multi-wavelength campaign. This Letter presents the results and analysis of this campaign, as well as the multi-wavelength data as a legacy data repository. We captured M87 in a historically low state, and the core flux dominates over HST-1 at high energies, making it possible to combine core flux constraints with the more spatially precise very long baseline interferometry data. We present the most complete simultaneous multi-wavelength spectrum of the active nucleus to date, and discuss the complexity and caveats of combining data from different spatial scales into one broadband spectrum. We apply two heuristic, isotropic leptonic single-zone models to provide insight into the basic source properties, but conclude that a structured jet is necessary to explain M87's spectrum. We can exclude that the simultaneous γ-ray emission is produced via inverse Compton emission in the same region producing the EHT mm-band emission, and further conclude that the γ-rays can only be produced in the inner jets (inward of HST-1) if there are strongly particle-dominated regions. Direct synchrotron emission from accelerated protons and secondaries cannot yet be excluded.mixedAlgaba, J.C. and Anczarski, J. and Asada, K. and Baloković, M. and Chandra, S. and Cui, Y.-Z. and Falcone, A.D. and Giroletti, M. and Goddi, C. and Hada, K. and Haggard, D. and Jorstad, S. and Kaur, A. and Kawashima, T. and Keating, G. and Kim, J.-Y. and Kino, M. and Komossa, S. and Kravchenko, E.V. and Krichbaum, T.P. and Lee, S.-S. and Lu, R.-S. and Lucchini, M. and Markoff, S. and Neilsen, J. and Nowak, M.A. and Park, J. and Principe, G. and Ramakrishnan, V. and Reynolds, M.T. and Sasada, M. and Savchenko, S.S. and Williamson, K.E. and Akiyama, K. and Alberdi, A. and Alef, W. and Anantua, R. and Azulay, R. and Baczko, A.-K. and Ball, D. and Barrett, J. and Bintley, D. and Benson, B.A. and Blackburn, L. and Blundell, R. and Boland, W. and Bouman, K.L. and Bower, G.C. and Boyce, H. and Bremer, M. and Brinkerink, C.D. and Brissenden, R. and Britzen, S. and Broderick, A.E. and Broguiere, D. 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Patel, N. and Pen, U.-L. and Pesce, D.W. and Piétu, V. and Plambeck, R. and Popstefanija, A. and Porth, O. and Pötzl, F.M. and Prather, B. and Preciado-López, J.A. and Psaltis, D. and Pu, H.-Y. and Rao, R. and Rawlings, M.G. and Raymond, A.W. and Rezzolla, L. and Ricarte, A. and Ripperda, B. and Roelofs, F. and Rogers, A. and Ros, E. and Rose, M. and Roshanineshat, A. and Rottmann, H. and Roy, A.L. and Ruszczyk, C. and Rygl, K.L.J. and Sánchez, S. and Sánchez-Arguelles, D. and Savolainen, T. and Schloerb, F.P. and Schuster, K.-F. and Shao, L. and Shen, Z. and Small, D. and Sohn, B.W. and Soohoo, J. and Sun, H. and Tazaki, F. and Tetarenko, A.J. and Tiede, P. and Tilanus, R.P.J. and Titus, M. and Toma, K. and Torne, P. and Trent, T. and Traianou, E. and Trippe, S. and Van Bemmel, I. and Van Langevelde, H.J. and Van Rossum, D.R. and Wagner, J. and Ward-Thompson, D. and Wardle, J. and Weintroub, J. and Wex, N. and Wharton, R. and Wielgus, M. and Wong, G.N. and Wu, Q. and Yoon, D. and 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and Marandon, V. and Marchegiani, P. and Marcowith, A. and Mares, A. and Martí-Devesa, G. and Marx, R. and Maurin, G. and Meintjes, P.J. and Meyer, M. and Moderski, R. and Mohamed, M. and Mohrmann, L. and Montanari, A. and Moore, C. and Morris, P. and Moulin, E. and Muller, J. and Murach, T. and Nakashima, K. and Nayerhoda, A. and De Naurois, M. and Ndiyavala, H. and Niederwanger, F. and Niemiec, J. and Oakes, L. and O'Brien, P. and Odaka, H. and Ohm, S. and Olivera-Nieto, L. and De Ona Wilhelmi, E. and Ostrowski, M. and Panter, M. and Panny, S. and Parsons, R.D. and Peron, G. and Peyaud, B. and Piel, Q. and Pita, S. and Poireau, V. and Noel, A.P. and Prokhorov, D.A. and Prokoph, H. and Pühlhofer, G. and Punch, M. and Quirrenbach, A. and Rauth, R. and Reichherzer, P. and Reimer, A. and Reimer, O. and Remy, Q. and Renaud, M. and Rieger, F. and Rinchiuso, L. and Romoli, C. and Rowell, G. and Rudak, B. and Ruiz-Velasco, E. and Sahakian, V. and Sailer, S. and Sanchez, D.A. and Santangelo, A. and Sasaki, M. and Scalici, M. and Schutte, H.M. and Schwanke, U. and Schwemmer, S. and Seglar-Arroyo, M. and Senniappan, M. and Seyffert, A.S. and Shafi, N. and Shiningayamwe, K. and Simoni, R. and Sinha, A. and Sol, H. and Specovius, A. and Spencer, S. and Spir-Jacob, M. and Stawarz, Ł. and Sun, L. and Steenkamp, R. and Stegmann, C. and Steinmassl, S. and Steppa, C. and Takahashi, T. and Tavernier, T. and Taylor, A.M. and Terrier, R. and Tiziani, D. and Tluczykont, M. and Tomankova, L. and Trichard, C. and Tsirou, M. and Tuffs, R. and Uchiyama, Y. and Van Der Walt, D.J. and Van Eldik, C. and Van Rensburg, C. and Van Soelen, B. and Vasileiadis, G. and Veh, J. and Venter, C. and Vincent, P. and Vink, J. and Völk, H.J. and Vuillaume, T. and Wadiasingh, Z. and Wagner, S.J. and Watson, J. and Werner, F. and White, R. and Wierzcholska, A. and Wong, Y.W. and Yusafzai, A. and Zacharias, M. and Zanin, R. and Zargaryan, D. and Zdziarski, A.A. and Zech, A. and Zhu, S.J. and Zorn, J. and 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and Miceli, D. and Miener, T. and Minev, M. and Miranda, J.M. and Mirzoyan, R. and Molina, E. and Moralejo, A. and Morcuende, D. and Moreno, V. and Moretti, E. and Neustroev, V. and Nigro, C. and Nilsson, K. and Nishijima, K. and Noda, K. and Nozaki, S. and Ohtani, Y. and Oka, T. and Otero-Santos, J. and Paiano, S. and Palatiello, M. and Paneque, D. and Paoletti, R. and Paredes, J.M. and Pavletić, L. and Penil, P. and Perennes, C. and Persic, M. and Moroni, P.G.P. and Prandini, E. and Priyadarshi, C. and Puljak, I. and Rhode, W. and Ribó, M. and Rico, J. and Righi, C. and Rugliancich, A. and Saha, L. and Sahakyan, N. and Saito, T. and Sakurai, S. and Satalecka, K. and Saturni, F.G. and Schleicher, B. and Schmidt, K. and Schweizer, T. and Sitarek, J. and Šnidarić, I. and Sobczynska, D. and Spolon, A. and Stamerra, A. and Strom, D. and Strzys, M. and Suda, Y. and Surić, T. and Takahashi, M. and Tavecchio, F. and Temnikov, P. and Terzić, T. and Teshima, M. and Tosti, L. and Truzzi, S. and 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Sembroski, G.H. and Shang, R. and Weinstein, A. and Williams, D.A. and Williamson, T.J. and Hirota, T. and Cui, L. and Niinuma, K. and Ro, H. and Sakai, N. and Sawada-Satoh, S. and Wajima, K. and Wang, N. and Liu, X. and Yonekura, Y.Algaba, J. 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